
In light of the European energy security crisis prompted by the War in Ukraine, this report provides an in-depth analysis of Russian involvement in North African oil and gas industries, focusing on five ongoing upstream projects across Algeria, Libya, and Egypt.

The Russian invasion of Ukraine presents potential environmental consequences. Since early 2022, Russian forces have attacked multiple oil refineries across the country. Watershed analysis indicates that contamination from these attacks could pollute lands, groundwater, and seep into nearby surface waters.